O ccamʼs razor: prefer the simplest hypothesis that fits the data StatisticsĪ quantative Data has shape, centre and spread and may even have outliers. Conversion of categorical values into numerical values.Normalization / Scaling attribute values into a smaller range (i.e 0 to 1).Attribute/feature construction from the given set of attributes.Transforming the data into form appropriate for a given task.Dimensionality Reduction to reduce number of attributes (PCA,SVD, LDA, tSNE, etc.) Pattern Discovery classification.Normalized attributes with correlation coefficient above a threshold are removed.Normalized attributes with variance below a threshold are removed.Attributes that have more missing values than a threshold are removed.Outlier analysis: Find outlier (i.e clustering) and deal with them.Binning: sort & divide values into ‘bins’ (using mean or median).Use computed value (mean, median, mode) for attribute as replacement.Use standard value as replacement (i.e ‘Unknown’). ![]() Steps in Machine Learning Data Pre-processing Probabiloty estimation is probabailty of x.Unsupervised – continous output : Dimensionality reduction, discrete output : clustering Supervised – continous Output : Regression, discrete output : Classifcation, f(x) : disease ( or recommemt therapy / treatment).x : properties of patient, lab tesst, symptoms.x : propertiese of cutomer and proposed purchase.Given L training ex aple (x, f(x)) for some unnown function f, find good aproximation to f. It determined how to expand the search tree and when to stop searching. P : percentage of games won againts opponentsįirstv ML implementation was Samuel’s checkers game was written in 1957.E : playing practise game againt oneself.P : count the number of correctly identified words.E: use images of handwritten words in database.TEP : ML program should improve the performance metric P on task T after performing the experience E. To answer this first we need to define what is learning itself ? Learning is a process that improves its performance (P) at some specific task (T) with experience (E). Trade-off of model complexity against training and test accuracy. ![]() ROC curve (receiver operating characteristic curve).PDF ( Probability Distribution Function ).CDF ( Cumulative Distribution Function ).The cover image is from IBM’s session on Introduction to Big Data Analysis & Machine Learning in Python with PySpark. It is seen as a part of artificial intelligence. Ĭalling Print on A instance (with CLS object) or CLS instance will invoke prior method (public void Print().Machine learning is the study of computer algorithms that can improve automatically through experience and by the use of data. ![]() If you want to be able to call "Print" with a CLS instance do like this. The method signature is ONLY it's "name and parameter types and ref/out modifier" so access modifiers do not contain method signature.Įxplicitly implementing an interface member do not need access modifiers, and you should delete access modifier, because "void A.print" means this method is accessible only with an instance of A with CLS object(I mean A reference andĬLS object) so it doesn't need access modifier. Please mark it as an answer/helpful if you find it as useful. Because when you define an interface you just write the signature of the function so, when you use this interface you must write the define function body.īut if this member is private then you are not able to use this function, you get this error:Įrror : 102 The modifier 'private' is not valid for this item Like the below:? static void Main(string args)Īll the members of an Interface are implicitly public. Thank you for your answer, but frankly I did not understand your solution completely! Do you mean I should not use multiple inheritence in this case?
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